CONTENTS
Review
- HIV-1 Prevention: Interdisciplinary Studies on the Efficacy of Bleach and Development of Prevention Protocols
CLYDE B. MCCOY, PAUL SHAPSHAK, LISA R. METSCH, JAMES E. RIVERS, H. V. MCCOY, NORMAN L. WEATHERBY, SFED M. SHAH and DALE D. CHITWOODAbstract. In the United States, a major federally-funded approach to HIV-1 prevention for injecting drug users (IDUs) includes teaching them to always rinse their needles/syringes with household bleach and water before use. This report describes interdisciplinary studies of the extent to which HIV-1 can be found in injection equipment and the efficacy of bleach as a disinfectant, under simulated field conditions. Bloody needle/syringe units collected from Miami, Florida, shooting galleries or from community outreach prevention participants were selected for these studies. Groups of needle/syringe units were cleansed with bleach using a standard technique taught to IDUs in community outreach programs. Cleansed and uncleansed groups of need- les/syringe units were then tested for the presence of HIV-1. The data demonstrate the efficacy of bleach rinses in reducing the risks of HIV-1 infection from needle/syringe units and indicate that the teaching of a bleach cleansing method to IDUs should be part of a total AIDS prevention protocol.
Keywords: HIV-1; prevention; injecting drug user (IDU); bleach; needles; syringes.ringes.
Clinical Immunology
- Interleukin 10 Inhibits Interleukin 6 Production and Acute Phase Response in Rheumatoid Arthritis
JAN K. ŁĄCKI, KAMILLA KLAMA, WIESŁAWA PORAWSKA, STEFAN H. MACKIEWICZ, WOLFGANG MÜLLER and KRZYSZTOF WIKTOROWICZAbstract. To evaluate the effect of interleukin 10 (IL-10) on acute phase response, we determined serum levels of IL-10, interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), alpha-1-anti- chymotrypsin (ACT) in 34 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. IL-10 and IL-6 levels were evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). CRP, AGP and ACT levels were measured using rocket immunoelect- rophoresis. The results showed that IL-10 serum level was increased in RA patients as compared to controls (60.0 ± I 7.5 pg/ml vs. 7.2 ± 1.9 pg/ml). IL-6 level was significantly elevated (87.3 ± 32.7 pg/ml vs. 45 ± 19 pg/ml, p < 0.05). CRP was significantly increased as compared to healthy controls (34± 19 mg/1 vs. 3±2 mg/l, p < 0.05). AGP and ACT serum levels were increased in RA patients, but we did not find these changes to be statistically significant. A good negative correlation between IL-10 and IL-6 serum level was found (r = -0.73, p < 0.05). A positive significant correlation between IL-6 serum level and CRP (r = 0.62, p < 0.05), AGP (r = 0.74, p < 0.05) and ACT (r = 0.45, p < 0.05) was established. Moreover, a negative correlation between IL-10 and serum level of CRP (r = -0.76, p < 0.05), AGP (r = -0.60, p < 0.05) and ACT (r = -0.37, p < 0.05) was also shown. According to the data thus far obtained it seems that IL-10 decreases IL-6 produc- tion, and by that indirectly affects acute phase response, decreasing CRP, AGP and ACT synthesis.
Keywords: rheumatoid arthritis; interleukin 10; interleukin 6; acute phase proteins.oteins.
- Immunohistochemical Comparative Investigations of Lymphatic Tissue in Reactive Processes, Myasthenic Thymuses and Hodgkin’s Disease
ALBINA ZÓŁTOWSKAAbstract. To evaluate the effect of interleukin 10 (IL-10) on acute phase response, we determined serum levels of IL-10, interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), alpha-1-anti- chymotrypsin (ACT) in 34 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. IL-10 and IL-6 levels were evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). CRP, AGP and ACT levels were measured using rocket immunoelect- rophoresis. The results showed that IL-10 serum level was increased in RA patients as compared to controls (60.0 ± I 7.5 pg/ml vs. 7.2 ± 1.9 pg/ml). IL-6 level was significantly elevated (87.3 ± 32.7 pg/ml vs. 45 ± 19 pg/ml, p < 0.05). CRP was significantly increased as compared to healthy controls (34± 19 mg/1 vs. 3±2 mg/l, p < 0.05). AGP and ACT serum levels were increased in RA patients, but we did not find these changes to be statistically significant. A good negative correlation between IL-10 and IL-6 serum level was found (r = -0.73, p < 0.05). A positive significant correlation between IL-6 serum level and CRP (r = 0.62, p < 0.05), AGP (r = 0.74, p < 0.05) and ACT (r = 0.45, p < 0.05) was established. Moreover, a negative correlation between IL-10 and serum level of CRP (r = -0.76, p < 0.05), AGP (r = -0.60, p < 0.05) and ACT (r = -0.37, p < 0.05) was also shown. According to the data thus far obtained it seems that IL-10 decreases IL-6 produc- tion, and by that indirectly affects acute phase response, decreasing CRP, AGP and ACT synthesis.
Keywords: rheumatoid arthritis; interleukin 10; interleukin 6; acute phase proteins.oteins.
- Reactivity of Monoclonal Antibodies OK-CLL (Anti-CD5) with Peripheral Blood Cells of Patients with B Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders
DUŚANKA MILOŚEVIĆ, MILICA MARINKOVIĆ, SVETISLAV JELIĆ, MILICA ĆOLOVIĆ and IVAN SPUŻIĆAbstract. Reactivity of OK-CLL monoclonal antibodies that can identify CD5 antigen on peripheral blood mononuclear cells, was investigated in 172 patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) in clinical stages RAI O – I and RAI II – I V and in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, classified according to the Working formulation into high and low grade histologic type. The OK-CLL reactivity with B-CLLs in the initial (RAI O – I), as well as in advanced stages of disease (RAI II – IV) was significantly higher than in controls. Peripheral blood cells of lymphoma patients, regardless of histological type, showed a much lower values of the CD5 positive population than chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients, and a non sig- nificant discrepancy between the number of cells stained with anti-CD5 and those stained with other T cell markers. In spite of the showed considerable decrease of CD5 positive cells in CLL patients during therapy, elevated number of this population compared to normal individuals, after chemotherapy, was found. However, in lymphoma patients of both types of malignancies, CD5 positive population increased concomitantly with therapy. These results may suggest that analysis of CD5 antigen expression on peripheral blood cells of patients with B cell lymphoproliferative malignancies may have diagnostic, or, in correlation with some relevant clinical parameters, a potential predictive value in the treatment of those patients.
Keywords: CD5 expression; non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas; chemotherapy; B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.ukemia.
Cellular Immunology
- Preactivation and Phenotype of Monocytes Have No Influence on Their Elimination from Culture by Activated T Lymphocytes
JULIUSZ PRYJMA, MAREK ZEMBALA, MARTIN ERNST and HANS-DIETER FLADAbstract. T lymphocytes can kill antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the presence of antigen or lectin. The subject of this study was to investigate whether the state of activation or phenotype of monocytes, influence their susceptibility to killing by T cells activated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. The data are presented which show that monocytes activation with cytokines (IFN-y, IL-4, or IL-2), PPD, phorbol ester or phagocytic stimulus, have no influence on monocyte susceptibility to killing by T lym- phocytes. Furthermore, flow cytometry data suggest that monocytes eliminated from culture have no charac- teristic phenotype. In conclusion, our data indicate that elimination of monocytes by activated T lymphocytes does not depend on the state of activation of monocytes.
Keywords: monocytes; cytotoxic T cells; cytokines.okines.
- Effect of Peritoneal Cells on Tumor Cells Growth in vitro
IAN SALWAAbstract. The cytotoxic and cytostatic activity of PMA-treated macrophages, obtained from pristane-primed BALB/c mice, was analyzed in vitro. The activated macrophages were cytotoxic and cytostatic for YAC-1 lymphoma, P-388 leukemia and P-815 mastocytoma target cells. However, the RPC-5 plasmacytoma target cells appeared to be resistant to their cytotoxicity. The observed cytotoxic or cytostatic effects of macrophages in vitro were not correlated with their ability to produce the superoxide ion. Cytotoxic activity of NK cells, obtained from pristane-primed mice, was also studied. No differences in cytotoxicity of NK cells obtained from pristane-treated and untreated donors, were found. However, only the effector cells from untreated mice were able to respond to stimulatory effect of polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid-poly-L-lysine (poly ICLC).
Keywords: macrophages; plasmacytoma; cytotoxic and cytostatic activity.tivity.
- Influence of Theophylline on Interferon Production and cAMP Level in Lpa Cells
RENATA ZAHORSKA, MICHAŁ KORBECKI and JAN BARCISZEWSKIAbstract. In the presence and absence of methionine initiator tRNA (tRNMe Met/i) theophylline applied for I h starting 6 h after induction increased significantly (2-fold) interferon (IFN) yield. Theophylline did not change the kinetics of IFN production in the presence of tRNA Met/i. The shut-off stage was present and the production was prolonged to 24 h after IFN induction. In comparison with the values obtained in untreated cells, poly I:C plus DEAE dextran (inducing complex) caused an about 2-2.5 fold increase of cyclic adenosine 3’5′-monophosphate (cAMP) level. The similar results were observed in the cells treated with inducing comp- lex plus tRNA Met/i. About 2-fold higher cAMP level occurred in the cells under the influence of the inducing complex plus theophylline in comparison to the level obtained without theophylline. The addition of tRNA Met/i did not influence. the above presented data.
Keywords: theophylline; methionine initiator tRNA; cyclic adenosine 3’5′-monophosphate.sphate.
- Effect of Captopril on the Proliferation Cell Lines and Their Influence on Cytostatic Activity of Interferon ( or Cytotoxic Activity of Doxorubicin
JAN KOWALSKI, DARIUSZ BELOWSKI, JACEK WIELGUS, BOŻENA GABRYEL, MARIUSZ KLIN and ZBIGNIEW S. HERMANAbstract. We have assessed the effect of thiorphan or captopril on proliferation of two human tumor cell lines, A549 and HL60 including their influence on the cytostatic activity of interferon a or doxorubicin. The results showed that captopril inhibits the proliferation of both A549 and HL6o cell lines but thiorphan has anti- proliferative effect only on A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, neither captopril nor thiorphan administered in combination with interferon a or doxorubicin enhanced cytotoxic potential of doxorubicin and cytostatic activity of interferon a.
Keywords: thiorphan; captopril; tumor cell proliferation.ration.
- Accumulation of Inositol l, 4, 5-Triphosphate after Cholinergic Stimulation of Human Lymphocytes
URSZULA BANY, HANNA LASKOWSKA-BOŻEK and JAN RYŻEWSKIAbstract. The interrelationships between the immune and neurohormonal system are the subject of this work. The formation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) in response to cholinergic stimulation was studied in the human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and lymphocytes from the lymphoblastoid cell lines Jurkat and Raji. The cells were stimulated with mitogen and then treated with cholinergic agonist-carbachol or nicotine. The radioreceptor assay was used to determine the amount of IP3 in all studied lymphocytes. The results, combined with the presence of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors on the surface of these lymphocytes, suggest that the parasympathetic nervous system is involved in the immune-neurohormonal crosstalk.
Keywords: inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate; cholinergic receptors; human lymphocytes.ocytes.
- Influence of Cyclosporine A on Thyroid Function in the Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis (EAT) in Mice
JAN KAZIMIERZ CZYŻYK and MAREK JAKÓBISIAKAbstract. We have examined the influence of cyclosporine A (CsA) on thyroid gland function during develop- ment of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) in CBA (H-2″) mice, delivering the agent in different regimens and doses, either as commercial intravenous preparation or encapsulated into liposomes. The evalu- ation of autoimmunity was done by the assessment of serum concentration of thyroxine (T4). We showed that a high dose CsA (360 mg/kg) prevented the development of thyroid deficiency whereas a small dose (25 – 60 mg/kg) potentiated the decrease of T4 serum level. Moreover, we found that the same dose of CsA enclosed in liposomes and of its commercial preparation can have different effect on T4 level in mice with EAT.
Keywords: thyroiditis; cyclosporine.porine.
Various
- Depression of Interferon Production in Leukocytes of Cows with Fat Mobilization Syndrome
AGNIESZKA SZUSTER-CIESIELSKA, JÓZEF FILAR and MARTYNA KANDEFER-SZERSZEŃAbstract. White and Black dairy cows were classified on the basis of clinical symptoms, hematological data, biochemical tests of blood and histological examination into two groups: I – with fat mobilization syndrome (n =1 I), II – healthy cows (control) (n = 6). Interferon (IFN) induction in leukocytes of cows with fatty liver, elevated ketone bodies, free fatty acids, bilirubin concentration and high aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, revealed impaired IFN production which was not improved by using known immunomodulators such as isoprinosine, levamisole, TFX and lactoferrin. The defciency of IFN production observed in cows with fat mobilization syndrome may result in increased susceptibility of cows to different infections.
Keywords: fat mobilization syndrome; interferons.ferons.
- Mechanism of Antigenic Variation in Shigella flexneri Bacilli. III Complement Sensitivity of S. flexneri 1b Strains and Their 3b Variants Selected Either as Lac+ Recombinants or Phage F2 Resistant Mutants
WLODZIMIERZ DOROSZKIEWICZ, BOLESLAW KOPOCIŃSKI and TADEUSZ M. LACHOWICZ
Abstract. Several S. flexneri lb serotype strains of clinical isolation were compared with their 3b serotype variants isolated either as Lac+ recombinants from crosses of S. flexneri x E. coli Hfr C, or F2-resistant mutants. The studied variants 3b were deprived of type I antigen but acquired type III antigen. They appeared to be less sensitive to killing action of complement present in normal bovine serum although kinetics of killing and its effectiveness differed between the strains.
Keywords: killing action of complement; S. flexneri lb; antigenic variation.iation.